PKK-FT Unesa
Abstract: Home Economics is one of many courses taught at almost
every university having Home Economics Education/HEE (Indonesian: PKK) Study
Program, particularly at the Institute
of Education for Teaching
Professionals/IETP (Indonesia:
LPTK). This is the basic knowledge of HEE/PKK that must be learned by all
students of HEE; whether they concentrate on Food & Beverage, Clothing
Management, or Make up Science. Unfortunately, at present, Home Economics is
considered as just an obligation. Students are obliged to take the course, and
be done with it. As in most other courses, in learning Home Economics, students
are positioned as listeners, absorbing lots of information, in a dull learning
condition. This doesn’t encourage students to solve problems. Therefore, in
learning Home Economics, a different learning model is needed as an
alternative; a model that provides opportunities for the potential development
of the students and the lecturer. One model being suggested here is Problem-Based Learning. This model has general characteristics:
providing students with authentic and meaningful problems, which will enable
students to conduct research and inquiry (Ibrahim and Nur, 2005; Sweller, 1988; Hmelo-Silver & Barrows, 2006 ). Besides this problem-based learning
model, the learning of Home Economics can also be based on characters.
Character education is a vital part of national character building. In addition
to that, character education is also expected to become the main foundation in
reaching Indonesia Emas 2025
(Golden Indonesia 2025). Character Education becomes the focus of education in
all levels of education, including university level. The objectives of this
paper are: (1) to describe the
learning model of Home Economics that has been implemented so far at the
Department of PKK FT Unesa; (2) to identify the weakness and the obstacles of it; (3) to
describe an idea of a possible implementation of problem-based and
character-based learning model for Home Economics subject.
Keywords: Home Economics, Problem-Based Learning, Character Building
Introduction
Home Economics is one of the subjects being taught at almost all universities having Department
of Home Economics Education, especially at the Institute of Education
for Teaching Professionals/IETP. Home
Economics has become the main
source of Home Economics Education, which must be thoroughly studied by students of related departments, either those who concetrate on the study
of Food & Beverage, Clothing management, or Makeup Sciences.
The teaching and learning of Home
Economics becomes so crucial in this current globalization and technological
era, becuase its main purpose is to provide strong bases for students about the
importance of family unity and welfare. The philosophical bases about
the significance of Home Economics
subjects are: (1) democratic
life of a family helps establish a democratic nation; (2) democratic life of a family emphasizes the importance of mutual cooperation
among family members to build
a satisfactory life; (3)
satisfaction in life becomes a very
important aspect in the development of an individual as either a member of a family or a community; (4) harmonious life among family members is very important to establish family
happiness and welfare; (5) every family has different beliefs about social and economic values, becuase such beliefs depend very much on the
intended purposes and mission of the family. Thus, the quality of family life depends relatively on the understanding about the
values of life of the community where the family is living; and the family can do and perform the
best with its own human resources to help develop the nation (Rifai, 1983; Nurlaela,
2010).
However, Home Economics
-which has been formally taught since play group level up to
tertiary level of education, either integratedly with other subjects or on its own- is likely to have lost its essence. Home Economics being taught at tertiary education, particularly at the
Department of Home Economics
Education at universities, has been a mere compulsory subject, which must be programed by the students. As happens to all
subjects, the teaching and learning of Home Economics does not facilitate students to perform
collaborative learning with their peers to develop their ‘higher order
thinking’ skill.
The importance of Home Economics, as a
subject, is closely related to character building. Budirahayu (2001) states that formal education, which has so
far been given at schools, is not oriented to character building, but rather to the heaps of knowledge that burden
the students without reference to reality or real life. Minister of Education (in Daulay, 2002) states that education has paid little attention to
the character building of the students. In line with the previous opinion, Madjid
(in Parji, 2002) states that Indonesia is in danger because people are not used to applying and performing ethics in
their daily life. The impact of attention-lacking to such morality is that some community members tend to become ill-tempered, malicious, dishonest,
selfish, anarchic, provocative, job-madness, vandalis, vulgar, and behave
negatively in the community (Sukaryono, 2004).
To find solution for this phenomenon of serious moral cricis in Indonesian
social life, the establishment of nation character and ethics
education is very important.
It must be developed as a medium to build the nation and its character (nation and character building). One way to develop nation
character is through the teaching and learning of Home Economics.
The teaching and learning of Home
Economics has been organized in such a way to focus on the students (student-centered) through the development of group discussions and assignments. However,
lecturers-students’ activities are still monotonous and unchallenging, which, in turn, makes the teaching and
learning of Home Economics fruitless and lose its intended targets. The skills that are expected as results of the teaching
and learning of Home Economics are: students will have the understanding of Home Economics, they will be skillful in organizing individual and family
resources, they will have
professional attitude necessary if they become future manager of a family, and they will have knowledge and skills for relevant professions in Home Economics. In addition to that, Home Economics is also expected
to help develop students as potential
human resources, who can establish ethics and moral as the bases of their
daily life.
Those goals cannot be reached with the current model of
teaching and learning, which contains some weaknesses. The students’ presentations and discussions have become monotonous activities with no
contributions in the development of students’ creativities. Teachers can motivate students to get involved maximally in students’ presentations and discussions, but the quality of students’ assignments, papers, and proposals are still quite low. Consequently, the students’ achievements
are relatively poor and far from expectation.
Therefore, there must be substantial attempts to formulate and
implement other alternative models of teaching and learning, which may facilitate students and teachers (lecturers) to develop
themselves. One recommended model is
the application of problem-based teaching and learning. This model is selected and recommended because
it is considered suitable to the characteristics of the materials of Home
Economics. In addition
to that, the practical activities of
teaching Home Economics are also suitable to the principles of the problem-based model. This will ease the designing of the teaching and learning activities of the subject.
Problem-based learning model has general characterictics, among
others is providing students with
authentic and meaningful problems, which may help and ease them in developing research and
inquiry skill (Ibrahim dan
Nur, 2005; Sweller, 1988; Hmelo-Silver & Barrows, 2006 ). In addition to the general
characteristics, this model also maintains its specific characteristics; such as the presentation of questions or
problems for students to solve, the focus on the interrelatedness of various relevant knowledge, the authentic research, which produce learning products that can trigger students collaborations with their peers.
The authentic problems are those that can be found in every day life, which solutions of
them can be directly and practically
applied. Authentic problems
will attract students’ interests because such problems are related directly to their practical lives. This means, by promoting and integrating the authentic
problems in Home Economics subjects, the teaching and learning activities will be interesting and fruitful.
Besides problem-based learning model, the teaching and learning of Home
Economics is also designed to be character-based. Character building has been
made as one of the purposes of national education program. Article I of the
2003 Regulation of the National Education Systems (Indonesian: UU Sisdiknas
tahun 2003) states that one of the main purposes of national education program is to
develop and maintain the potentials of
students: their
intellectuals, personality, and morals. Such an important message of the 2003
Regulation sparks an idea that education is designed and dedicated to create
Indonesian people who are not only
intellectually
smart, but also have good characters. In shorts: a future generation with moral and religious values.
The integration of Characters into the Teaching and
Learning of Home Economics
Home Economics, in Webster’s
Encyclopedia, is defined as “A science and art dealing with home making
and relation of home to community, theory and practice concerning to the
selection and preparation of food and clothing, condition of living, the use of
income, the care and training children etc., also the study of teaching at Home
Economics Department concerned with this.” Soedarmo and Sediaoetama (1987) point out that Home Economics is a science focussing on the study of family life and factors
affecting it, and finding out the ways to improve the quality of
family life for the prosperity of the family. This opinion is in line with the
definition put forward by the American Home Economics Associations (AHEA) in which home economics is defined as the science and art which have close
relation to the improvement of the quality of a family, which means that (1) it
focuses on family, and (2) it matches and combines scientific
and human approaches to help individuals face any possible changes and then
utilize the existing technology to improve their lives (Parker, 1980).
Home
Economics, as a part of science, is
actually an integration of various sciences. Parker (1980) states that Home Economics cannot stand alone as
a science, but it uses
research findings from various different sciences, such as physics, chemistry, bacteriology,
biology, anthropology, psychology, sociology, economics, medical science,
nutrient, and education. In addition, Home Economics is also related to
religion, ethics, and aesthetics. Thus, it can be said that Home Economics is
an integrated subject. This subject (or science) can develop widely because of
the view that all knowledges or sciences should be applied to get better and
prosperous life (Winarni dan Luthfiyah Nurlaela, 1997; Nurlaela, 2010;
Nurlaela, 2011).
Home Economics also provides some basic knowledge to obtain and develop a family skill or profession, which may be employed as a medium to generate income. This is in line with
the definition of Home Economics provided by the International Federation for Home Economics (IFHE) that “Home economics is the profession and
field of study that deals with the economics and management of the home and
community”.
As part science and part skill, Home Economics supports the practice of family life to reach the goal of the family itself, that is,
family welfare. It is believed that family welfare becomes the basis of the
establishment of a prosperous community. A peaceful world also depends on the welfare of any individual member
of the community, who
–first of all- lives in the family. It can be said, then, that family is the foundation of a
nation/country. A family unit has a great potential and contribution to the
development of a nation/country. This is because home and family have great impacts on the development of ethics and moral of the
children. So, family is far
more contributive to the development of a nation/country than any other
institution.
Home Economics, in any form of teaching
and learning activity, is given to the children since their childhood to their adulthood, either in
formal, informal, or
non-formal setting. In formal education, Home Economics is taught since kindergarten or play group level. The
teaching and learning of Home Economics is generally intended to build a good
habit of life in the family and its surroundings. It is taught through games and relevant functional
trainings, such as greetings, saying thank you, washing hands, and asking for permission to do something. In this context,
education is focused on the
development of ethics and the widenning of life experience, as well as developing life skills. This level of
education becomes a bridge
between education in the family and education at elementary
school.
At elementary education level, Home
Economics helps children acquire basic knowledge and habit of how to live in
the family and the community. This can be obtained through (1) development
of good habits that have been taught at kindergarten or play group schools, (2) development of habit in cooperation
among the peers on the basis of love and responsibility, and (3) development of
behavior and understanding about the importance of beauty and cleanliness.
The teaching and learning of Home
Economics at elementary school is conducted integratedly with other existing subjects at school. At this level of education, the
teaching and learning of Home Economics gives students opportunity to develop their personality, to
adapt with surrounding environment, to be physically and mentally healthy, and to appreciate and practice the best values of life. Home Economics teaches students to become family members, who can easily adapt with changing
condition in the family and its surroundings. Through teaching and learning activities, students are
expected to develop their sensitivity towards cooperation, and their relevant skills to face reality of
every day life.
Home Economics at junior and senior high
schools (Indonesian: SMP/SMA)
functions as a medium to
develop understanding about life and family life. Home Economics, at this level
of education, facilitates students to develop themselves as useful members of the family and society. This subject can be presented
as an individual subject, or
be made as a part of a subject, or be integrated with other subjects; such as Religion, Nationality, Science, Social Science, and Language. Home Economics can
also be presented in the forms of
non-curricular activities, such as UKS, School Canteen; and other extra-curricular activities, such as Boy-Scouting. Home Economics is intended for both female and
male students, either individually or in group. Home Enomics may be presented by integrating and matching it with current real condition at school; for instance, through the teaching
of being responsible for classroom and schoolyard cleanliness. Students organizing certain school activities is also
a way of teaching Home Economics.
Home Economics at Vocational School (Indonesian: SMK) is intented to help students develop their understanding
and skills in family life that may be useful after they finish school. It is called life-skills. Home Economics, in this level
of education, functions to facilitate students develop their capacity to work,
maintain themselves in the work (job) that they have chosen, or to get better
job.
Meanwhile, Home Economics at the tertiary
level of education is presented more as the extention or elaboration of the
previous materials presented at junior or senior high schools. Most activities in this subject are focussed on observation, research and indepth
study of all aspects of family life. They are also integrated in a professional study as those
performed at the Faculty of Professional Teachers, the Faculty of Medical
Science, the Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Language and Arts.
Based on the previous explanantion, Home
Economics has actually taught character in the implementation of its teaching
and learning activities, right from the play group up to the tertiary levels of education. Characters that are developed through this subject, among others, are honesty, responsibility, self-confidence,
competence of developing cooperation,
communicative competence, and scientific attitude. However, the development of
those characters is not more than as a nurturant effect, that
is, it has not yet been designed as the instructional effect.
In character
education, there is a substantial need to develop cores of ethical values, such as honesty, justice, care, responsibility, and self-esteem; together with other supporting values, such as seriousness, high work-ethics/ethos, and persistence.
Therefore, schools should be responsible and be committed to develop students’ characters based on those values. They should also define those characters operationally in the forms of
practical daily attitude and behaviour at schools, exemplify the values, discuss them, use them as the bases for developing human relations, and appreciate as
well as apply the values in the community (Bashori, 2010).
The Teaching and Learning of
Home Economics at the Home Economics Department of the Faculty of Engineering, the State
University of Surabaya
At university level, Home Economics belongs to the group of ‘skill’
subjects (Indonesia.: MKK). This subject is due to be programed at the
even semester (first semester) at all study programs at the Department of Home Economics covering the study
programs of Food Science, Clothing Management, and Makeup Science. Home
Economics is taught at the
first semester with the intention that new students (freshmen) can get the
gist, coverage, and
scientific methodology of their future study earlier. Another objective of the early
presentation of this subject is that students would understand more comprehensively that Home Economics is a science, so that it has to be developed
scientifically.
The number of freshmen who should program
this subject at the first
semester, for each study program, is usually about 50 students. The number can be bigger when students who failed the subject in previous
semester and trasfering
students (from D3 to S1) also join/take this subject again. Thus, to overcome problem of
teaching a big class, students are split into two groups or classes
(class A and B).
The targeted competence in Home Economics,
based on the current syllabus, are the mastery of the basics of Home Economics
as the main source of Home Economics Education, the concept family and family
life, and the introduction of research methods in the field of Home Economics
Education. This subject is described to consist of: 1) Home Economics and the
function of home economics; and 2) family and family life. Home Economics is
further described as covering basic terminologies of Home Economics as a
science, field or coverage of study, and the usefulness of Home Economics. The
description of family and family life consists of: definition, the form and
function of family; family welfare and family policy to achieve welfare; family
unity, recourses and activities.
Based on the previous competence and
description, the materials of Home Economics may be described as including: 1)
basic terminologies of Home Economics; 2) background of Home Economics
Department in various education institutions; 3) definition, form, and function
of family; 4) definition of welfare and family welfare, and the factors
affecting family welfare; 5) kinds and intencity of family needs; 6)
definition, kinds and the development of family resources; 7) activities in
family life; 8) family life in relation to nation life; 9) steps of conducting
research and methods of collecting data of family problems; 10) compilation of
research proposal; and 11) seminar of research proposal.
The lecturing activities consist of: 1)
materials presentation and discussion; 2) compilation of simple research
proposal; 3) and seminar of
the research proposal. The evaluation for this subject covers: 1) class participation; 2) assignment;
3) mid-semester test; and 4) final semester test.
At the stage of materials presentation and discussion, students are split into nine groups,
following the number of teaching materials. Each group gets one
material (topic). The assignment of each of the group is writing a paper on the
basis of the relevant material, prepare the presentation in the form of power
point, present and discuss the material (topic) in the classroom. The quality
of the paper and the power
point is assessed as the score of assignment, and the students’ activities in
the class discussion and presentation is assessed as the score of
participation. In the activities of writing a research proposal, students are
guided and supervised to formulate research questions in the field of Home
Economics, particularly those related with the ten (10) family activities such as: inter- and
intra- family relationship, looking after children, food and nutrient,
clothing, housing, health, finance, home management, social security, and
health planning. The main purpose of compiling and writing this simple research
proposal is to uncover the students’ views about the authentic problems in the
field of Home Economics. Furthermore, the seminar of the proposal is presented during the two last sessions in the semester.
The main intention of this seminar presentation is to give students the opportunity to share and then learn how to
solve problems through scientific study or research. The resolutions of
problems raised in the proposal should be matched with the role and function of
Home Economics as a subject in tertiary education, that is, to observe, to
study in-depth, and to develop the understanding of all aspects of family life. This seminar is
assessed as the component of the score of participation.
Identification of the Weaknesses and Problems in the
Teaching and Learning of Home Economics
Based on the implementation of the teaching and learning of Home Economics
in the Home Economics Department, the Faculty of Engineering, the State
University of Surabaya, it is found that the teaching and learning of the
subject has been conducted using student-centered
model. The lecturers do not become the
only resources of knowledge.
The students are facilitated to develop their own knowledge and ideas, and to
collaborate with their peers to use the learning resources. The students are
also given the opportunity to express their ideas. So, they are not only
trained to develop their communicative skills, but also their competence to solve existing
problems, especially when they are supposed to answer questions put forward by
their peers.
However, there is still a problem, which is that such kind of teaching method has been
implemented monotonously in every classroom session. No matter how sophisticated a learning method is, it could become conventional if performed monotonously in
the classromm for the whole semester. This is likely to happen because the
students get used to the same
method of teaching throughout the semester. In turn, they will consider
it and implement it as a boring routine. Consequently, such
method will not be challenging anymore and will tend to be monotonous.
Typically, a lecture starts with a short explanation about the nature
and the importance of the materials. This is followed by the students’
presentations (in group)
about various theoretical concepts in relevance with the existing materials by
using LCD. Each group should appoint a moderator, a presenter, and a note-taker during the presentation. Everyone in the discussion has
the same opportunity to present and put forward his/her ideas as well as to
answer questions that might be
raised by other students. Along the discussion session, the lecturer should act
as a facilitator; but because of some problems, the lecturer very often takes part in answering the students’ questions, and thus he/she is no longer functioning as facilitator.
The problems appearing from the
application of such method of teaching are: 1) the students of the presenting group play more role in the discussion, and it is very often that they do not
master the presented materials well; 2) because of the little mastery of the
materials by the presenters, the discussions do not run smoothly, because lots of time are spent by the presenting students to discuss the materials among themselves
to find answers to the questions; 3) because the presenters are not completely
prepared with the materials, other members of the class are reluctant to ask or raise questions.
The above problems have made the lectures monotonous and unchallenging, although they have been set up as student-centered lectures. The other
implication is that the time for the discussion cannot be spent effectively.
Consequently, it results in the little significance of the products of
learning. More over, the
assessments, which are so far based on paper
and pencil test model, fail to motivate students to study Home Economics
deeply. The students tend to just learn the materials by
heart without focussing on
the problem solving model.
The Application of
Problem-Based and Charater Based Teaching and Learning of Home Economics
The current teaching and learning of Home
Economics still encounters many problems: it lacks of students’ active participations in classroom, the assessment is mostly done by using paper and pencil test model, and it is not oriented to problem
solving model. Here is why another alternative and innovative model
of teaching and learning of Home Economics is needed.
Research on the advantages of applying an
innovative model of teaching and learning has previously been conducted and it
is proved that such a model can improve the quality of learning achievement. Some
characteristics of contextual method
of teaching and learning are
appreciating students’ experience in the teaching and learning processes and
facilitating students’ competence to solve problems (Blanchard, 2001).
It is proved to have contribution to
the quality improvement of the
teaching and learning of food and
beverage management in the Tourism Department of Vocational School (Nurlaela,
2001). Method of material presentation with Competency Based Training (CBC) model, which is mostly oriented to the students’ competence and performance
(Nurlaela, 2002), has a great
impact towards students’ enterpreneurship competence (Marsudi dkk, 2003;
Basuki dan Luthfiyah Nurlaela, 2004). It can also improve and
increase the quality of the teaching and learning of ‘table-setting’
sub-competence and food and beverage services (Kamariyah, 2003).
The quality of the processes and the
products of teaching and learning at elementary school level increase
significantly with the application of the thematic model. It should be noted
that the thematic model accomodate as much as possible the student variation or
differences, giving a
chance for the development of
collaborative learning activities and the class-based assessment (Suryanti
dkk, 2004; Nurlaela, 2007).
The
problem-based teaching and learning model is proven to give positive
contribution to the quality
improvement
of the students’ cognitive, problem-solving,
and collaborative competence (
Koh et.al., 2008;
Hmelo-Silver, 2004; Amstrong, 1999)
. The
characteristics of teaching and learning
models are
oriented to
students. C
ooperative/collaborative activities, authentic
assessment, and contextual problem-solving are among the characteristics of
problem-based model. This model does not only give positive impacts towards the
students’ knowledge and skills,
but also to the development of their attitude and behavior.
For this purpose, the application of the
problem-based model is then very crucial. It facilitates students
to face and solve authentic problems, in which they are
required to seek for alternative solutions to the problems. In performing
these, the students are forced to apply their problem-solving, higher
order thinking skills, and collaborative skills.
The problem-based model has general
characteristics, that is, it offers students with authentic and meaningful
problems, which provide them
useful clues for conducting inquiry and research. In addition, this
model also has some specific characteristics, such as: it constantly raises questions or problems, it focuses on the integration of various subjects, it
enables authentic observation, and it
produces certain relevant products
of learning and collaboration. The authentic problems are those which may be
found in daily life, and the
solutions to the problems are useful for those who solve them (Ibrahim dan Nur, 2005). The syntax of the problem-based teaching
and learning is as follows:
Table 1. The syntax of the problem-based teaching and learning model
Stages
|
Teachers’
Behavior
|
Stage 1
Students orientation to the problems
|
Lecturer explains the objective of the teaching and learning,
explains the required
logistics, motivates the
students to actively involve in the problem solving activities of the
problems they have chosen.
|
Stage 2
Organize the
students to study
|
Lecturer helps the students to define and
organize learning tasks regarding the above problems.
|
Stage 3
Supervise
individual or group observation
|
Lecturer motivates the students to collect as
much as relevant information, conduct experiment to obtain explanation and
solutions to the relevant problems.
|
Stage 4
Develop and
present the learning products
|
Lecturer helps students to plan and prepare the
relevant learning products such as written report, video, and model; and
helps them to distribute tasks to the peer students.
|
Stage 5
Analyze and
evaluate problem-solving processes
|
Lecturer helps students do reflection or
evalution of their observations and all the processes they go through when
performing the observation.
|
The above stages or syntax ares applied in the teaching and learning of
certain material of Home Economics, such as the material of family activities. Students are motivated to seek for relevant
problems with family activities in order to fulfill family needs. In this
context, the management of family resources becomes very crucial. Every problem
is approached scientifically, starting from the formulation of the problems,
the resolution of the related problems, up to the presentation of the students’ works/products. The teaching and
learning activities are performed collaboratively. The lecturer designs the
evaluation and the products of learning as well as possible so that the
evaluation is not only based on paper and
pencil test but also on portofolio. Through this teaching and learning model,
the expected character can be designed and planned in such a comprehensive way, including the methods of
observing and measuring the characters in the teaching and learning activities.
Closing remarks
The conclusion of this paper is that: 1) the teaching and learning of Home Economics conducted in the Home Economics
Department, the Faculty of Engineering, the State University of Surabaya has
been attempted to be student-centered, but it still faces some problems; 2) the teaching and
learning of Home Economics includes character building, but the characters
themselves have not yet been designed as the instructional efffect; and 3) the problem-based teaching and learning of
Home Economics is in line with the teaching materials of the subject and is relevant
to the the teaching and learning models which are currently applied at
the university.
There have to be serious commitments from
the lecturers to apply meaningful teaching and learning processes, which may increase students’ active
involvement in class activities and deveop students’ collaborative and higher-order
thinking skills. A well-planned teaching and learning
program can be the appropriate
alternative to obtain that goal.
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